{ "The Topic": "Creative Commons", "factoid": [ { "year": "2002", "image": "./images/ccvc.png", "name": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Content Cartels? ", "description": [ "From its inception in 2002, the Creative Commons was designed to free more of our global culture from the constraints of a system of control that dates back to the waning days of medieval times. You've been bombarded with copyright as a term and a symbol for your entire life. But do you know what it actually means? Where it actually started? Let's take a walk down memory lane...
" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "", "words to link": "Image: Patrick T. Lafferty (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://creativecommons.org/about/downloads/", "words to link": "Creative Commons Logo (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_symbol", "words to link": "Copyright symbol (Public Domain)" } ] }, { "year": "1403", "image": "./images/The_Stationers'_Company_Mark.png", "name": "The Stationer's Guild", "description": [ "Better known as the Worshipful Company of Stationers, the Stationer's Guild of the City of London (UK; founded in 1403) was granted a monopoly on publishing by way of royal charter in 1557. Along with it came the right to burn books, control access to printed information, and maintain their corporate privileges at all costs. Seems like a great bunch of folks, doesn't it? We need not wonder why copyright is problematic. It has always been an obstacle to the free flow of information, and often the very notion of freedom itself.
" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Stationers_and_Newspaper_Makers", "words to link": "Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 3.0)" }, { "citation": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Stationers%27_Company_Mark.png", "words to link": "Image: Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain)" } ] }, { "year": "1710", "image": "./images/gutenberg.jpg", "name": "The Statute of Anne", "description": [ "Jumping ahead more than 300 years (and skipping the bit about Oliver Cromwell trouncing the Stationer's Guild), we encounter the first time that the \"right to copy\" was ensconced in law. The Copyright Act of 1710, better known as the \"Statute of Anne\", is the birth of the term \"copyright\".
" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/105281175@N05/13156441853", "words to link": "Image: La geste pantagruélique (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)" } ] }, { "year": "1998", "image": "./images/469px-Sonny_and_Cher_Show_-_1976.jpg", "name": "...And The Beat Goes On, And On, And On...", "description": [ "In 1998, the US Congress passed two of the most influential and poorly crafted pieces of legislation in modern history: the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) and the Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA). CTEA (PDF) extended the already consequential length of copyright in the United States, retroactively protecting copyright holders for their natural life plus 70 years. Meanwhile, the DMCA (PDF) deputized much of the content cartel in a fashion that would have seemed quaint to the Stationer's Guild, but effectively turned the cartel into a digital police force, inverting the legal principle of innocence until proven guilty.
" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonny_and_Cher_Show_-_1976.jpg", "words to link": "Image: CBS (Public Domain)" }, { "citation": "https://www.cjr.org/resources", "words to link": "Columbia Journalism Review: Who Owns What?" }, { "citation": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-105publ298/pdf/PLAW-105publ298.pdf", "words to link": "GovInfo.gov (PDF)" }, { "citation": "https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf", "words to link": "Copyright.gov (PDF)" } ] }, { "year": "2002", "image": "./images/SCOTUSseal.png", "name": "Eldred v. Ashcroft", "description": [ "Creative Commons founder and Stanford Law Professor Lawrence Lessig set out to prove that CTEA was unconstitutional. CTEA effectively destroys the \"limited time\" provisions of copyright laws, while also abrogating the stated legislative purpose of copyright (more \"science and useful arts\"). Lessig's client, Eric Eldred, was in the business of publishing works once they entered the public domain. Given CTEA's retroactive clause, his business was harmed by CTEA.
", "Unfortunately, CTEA was held to be constitutional in a 7-2 Supreme Court of the United States decision handed down in 2003. Justice Ginsburg based her majority opinion on a limited view of the term \"forever\". It is difficult to fathom how natural life plus 70 years doesn't constitute \"forever\" in the creative life of any author." ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg", "words to link": "Image: Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain)" }, { "citation": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft", "words to link": "Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 3.0)" }, { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-1-the-story-of-creative-commons/", "words to link": "Derivative of September 2019 Creative Commons Certificate Course (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-1-the-story-of-creative-commons/", "words to link": " Adapted by Patrick T. Lafferty from Unit 1.1: \"The Story of Creative Commons\"" } ] }, { "year": "2002", "image": "./images/Creative_commons_license_spectrum.svg.png", "name": "A New Beginning", "description": [ "The cumulative effect of the widespread adoption of the web as a publishing platform and the loss in the Eldred case led Lawrence Lessig, with the help of Aaron Swartz and others, to launch the Creative Commons licenses in 2002. This codified an ethos of openness and sharing that arose in the early days of the web, reflecting the innate human desire to share our stories which are invariably built on the stories of those who came before us. Since launching, the Creative Commons developed into three core modes of operation: \"a set of legal tools, a nonprofit, as well as a global network and movement.\" Let's take a look at those three modes...
" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "http://www.openculture.com/2010/10/art_builds_upon_art_a_new_nina_paley_video.html", "words to link": "Open Culture" }, { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-1-the-story-of-creative-commons/", "words to link": "Derivative of September 2019 Creative Commons Certificate Course (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-1-the-story-of-creative-commons/", "words to link": " Adapted by Patrick T. Lafferty from Unit 1.1: \"The Story of Creative Commons\"" }, { "citation": "https://creativecommons.org/2013/01/12/remembering-aaron-swartz/", "words to link": "Creative Commons: Remembering Aaron Swartz (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software", "words to link": "Wikipedia: Open-source Software (CC BY-SA 3.0)" } ] }, { "year": "2016", "name": "The Nonprofit", "description": [ "At launch, Creative Commons the organization was a small, globally-distributed group of people working towards making it easier for content authors to share their works. In 2016, a decision was made to begin a more intentional advocacy geared towards advancing the open culture movement around the world. This purposeful strategy aims to shift the CC point of view to inclusively maximize the number of creations using Creative Commons licenses while also building a sustainable network of creative collaborators who will defend and develop the commons into the future.
" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-2-creative-commons-today/", "words to link": "Derivative of September 2019 Creative Commons Certificate Course (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-2-creative-commons-today/", "words to link": " Adapted by Patrick T. Lafferty from Unit 1.2: \"Creative Commons Today\"" }, { "citation": "https://creativecommons.org/use-remix/ideas/", "words to link": "Creative Commons: Strategy and Ideas (CC BY 4.0)" } ], "image": "./images/nc.xlarge.png" }, { "year": "2019", "name": "The Legal Tools (Licenses)", "description": [ "One of the major issues with copyright law around the world is the ornate complexity of the law itself. This creates what are, for many, insurmountable problems when people try to understand the legal situations all humans find themselves in when trying to share their culture.
", "There are six main Creative Commons licenses available:\n
  • Attribution (CC BY)
    • \n
  • Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)
    • \n
  • Attribution-NoDerivs (CC BY-ND)
    • \n
  • Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)
    • \n
  • Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA)
    • \n
  • Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND)
    • \n", "In addition to these restrictive-yet-balanced licenses, the Creative Commons also helps you free your work completely via the \"all rights granted, no rights reserved\" concept (CC0) and the \"No Known Copyright\" public domain mark. While that list of options is still complex to the unitiated, it is a dramatic improvement on the user experience of copyright law. Speaking of user experience, there's another facet of the tools we need to look at: the layers." ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://thenounproject.com/creativestall", "words to link": "Icon: \"Justice\" by Creative Stall (CC BY 3.0)" }, { "citation": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/", "words to link": "Creative Commons: About The Licenses (CC BY 4.0)" } ], "image": "./images/scale.png" }, { "year": "2019", "name": "The Three Layers", "description": [ "At the core, Creative Commons is still a matter of law and requires language that hews close to \"traditional\" legal writing. This is layer one. However, most people don't go to law school. It is essential that any alternative licensing mechanism be more human-friendly than traditional legal writing affords.
    ", "This leads to layer two, the Commons Deeds (conveniently linked in the factoid above). The deeds make the expectations of the licenses clear to non-lawyers. Last, but certainly not least, is layer three: the machine readable software layer. Known as the CC Rights Expression Language (CC REL), this is the feature of the Creative Commons that makes searching for CC-licensed content on the web possible." ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/", "words to link": "Image: Creative Commons (CC BY 4.0), captured via screenshot by Patrick T. Lafferty" }, { "citation": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/", "words to link": "Creative Commons: About The Licenses (CC BY 4.0)" } ], "image": "./images/CC-ThreeLayers_screenshot.png" }, { "year": "2019", "name": "The Movement", "description": [ "Through word of mouth, certification programs like the one that spurred this work, visibility of the logos and icons, technological improvements, educational inclusion, and people (the most important ingredient), Creative Commons is now positioned as the global leader in alternative content licensing strategies.
    " ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-2-creative-commons-today/", "words to link": "Image: Creative Commons staff in February 2018 (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-2-creative-commons-today/", "words to link": "Derivative of September 2019 Creative Commons Certificate Course (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-2-creative-commons-today/", "words to link": " Adapted by Patrick T. Lafferty from Unit 1.2: \"Creative Commons Today\"" } ], "image": "./images/img_20171002_111639-jpg.jpeg" }, { "year": "2019", "image": "./images/data_icon1.svg", "name": "A better way", "description": [ "When the Creative Commons launched in 2002, it was not clear how the world would react. Few would predict that by 2019, we would have 1.4 billion works (and growing, as this is typed) licensed under one flavor or another of the Creative Commons licenses launched 17 years earlier. While the power of the content cartel remains in 2019, the Creative Commons stands strong today as a shining instance of the essential wisdom captured in a quote attributed to cultural anthropologist Margaret Mead, \"Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it's the only thing that ever has.\"
    " ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/website-icons", "words to link": "Icon: \"Data\" by The Noun Project (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-2-creative-commons-today/", "words to link": "Derivative of September 2019 Creative Commons Certificate Course (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-2-creative-commons-today/", "words to link": " Adapted by Patrick T. Lafferty from Unit 1.2: \"Creative Commons Today\"" } ] } ], "dct:title": "Timeline Builder", "cc:attributionName": "https://prof.lafferty.me/timelinebuilder/", "dct:title2": "A Brief History of Creative Commons", "cc:attributionName2": "https://prof.lafferty.me/timelinebuilder" }